{"id":5679,"date":"2026-05-22T13:41:06","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T05:41:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/?p=5679"},"modified":"2026-05-25T16:52:55","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:52:55","slug":"%cf%80%cf%8e%cf%82-%ce%bd%ce%b1-%cf%85%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%af%cf%83%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b5-%cf%84%ce%bf-%cf%8c%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%bf-%ce%b1%cf%80%cf%8c%ce%b4%ce%bf%cf%83%ce%b7%cf%82-%cf%84%ce%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#What_is_Bolt_Yield_Strength_and_Why_Does_it_Matter\" >\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#Importance_of_Bolt_Yield_Strength\" >\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#How_to_Calculate_Bolt_Yield_Strength\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#Metric_vs_Imperial_How_do_they_impact_the_Calculation_of_Bolt_Yield_Strength\" >\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#How_to_Know_Cross-Section_Area_from_Bolt_Size\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#Yield_Strength_of_Common_Bolt_Grades\" >\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/how-to-calculate-bolt-yield-strength\/#Conclusion\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2; \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac. \u0395\u03b4\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039d\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u0391\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Bolt_Yield_Strength_and_Why_Does_it_Matter\"><\/span><b>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1;<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5683\" src=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/What-is-Bolt-Yield-Strength-and-Why-Does-it-Matter-300x225.webp\" alt=\"\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\" width=\"501\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/What-is-Bolt-Yield-Strength-and-Why-Does-it-Matter-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/What-is-Bolt-Yield-Strength-and-Why-Does-it-Matter-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/What-is-Bolt-Yield-Strength-and-Why-Does-it-Matter-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/What-is-Bolt-Yield-Strength-and-Why-Does-it-Matter.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>\u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc 8.8 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc 10.9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 8.8 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 10.9.  \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u0391\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0398\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039f \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c6\u03af\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 70% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03be\u03b7. \u03a4\u03bf 70% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_Bolt_Yield_Strength\"><\/span><b>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5682\" src=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Importance-of-Bolt-Yield-Strength-300x225.webp\" alt=\"\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\" width=\"499\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Importance-of-Bolt-Yield-Strength-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Importance-of-Bolt-Yield-Strength-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Importance-of-Bolt-Yield-Strength-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Importance-of-Bolt-Yield-Strength.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae. \u039c\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0398\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Calculate_Bolt_Yield_Strength\"><\/span><b>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd;<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039f \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 = \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u00d7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F(y) = A (t) \u00d7 S (y)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F (y) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 - \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. A (t) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf S (y).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd 10,9. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 M12. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 10.9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c12:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae = 940 MPa<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 = 84,3 mm\u00b2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F(y) = 84,3 \u00d7 940 = = =79,242 N\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 79.242 N \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u039d\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 70-80% \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03af\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03af\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af. \u03a5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metric_vs_Imperial_How_do_they_impact_the_Calculation_of_Bolt_Yield_Strength\"><\/span><b>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2: \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd;<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 SAE \u03ae ASTM.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 ISO. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F(y) = A (t) \u00d7 S (y)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1,;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 = mm\u00b2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 S (y) = MPa\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 = Newton (N)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd = <\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in\u00b2\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 S (y) = Psi\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 = \u039b\u03af\u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2-\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 (lbf)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Know_Cross-Section_Area_from_Bolt_Size\"><\/span><b>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd;<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A = (\u03c0 \u00f7 4) \u00d7 d\u00b2<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 ISO\/SAE \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 M6, M10, M12 \u03ba.\u03bf.\u03ba. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 448px;\" width=\"500\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (A\u209c)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20,1 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28,9 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36,6 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M10<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">58,0 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M12<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">84,3 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M14<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">115 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M16<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">157 mm\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yield_Strength_of_Common_Bolt_Grades\"><\/span><b>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5684\" src=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Yield-Strength-of-Common-Bolt-Grades-300x225.webp\" alt=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\" width=\"499\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Yield-Strength-of-Common-Bolt-Grades-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Yield-Strength-of-Common-Bolt-Grades-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Yield-Strength-of-Common-Bolt-Grades-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Yield-Strength-of-Common-Bolt-Grades.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039f \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1. \u039d\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0394\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 ISO \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 336px;\" width=\"500\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 (MPa)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">240 MPa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">400 MPa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8.8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">640 MPa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">940 MPa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12.9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1100 MPa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 SAE \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 ISO. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 SAE, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03af 2, 5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 8. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 230px;\" width=\"500\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>\u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 (Psi)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">57.000 psi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92.000 psi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">130.000 psi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span><b>\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd 8.8;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd 8.8 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/tensile-tester\/\"><b>\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 830 MPa \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 640 MPa, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/%cf%8c%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%bf-%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%b1%cf%81%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%ae%cf%82-%ce%ad%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%b9-%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%af%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%b5%cf%86%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%ba%cf%85%cf%83%ce%bc%ce%bf\/\"><b>\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/b><\/a><b>?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ots-testequipment.net\/el\/blog\/%cf%84%ce%b9-%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%b7-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%87%ce%ae-%cf%83%ce%b5-%ce%b5%cf%86%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%ba%cf%85%cf%83%ce%bc%cf%8c-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%cf%80%cf%8e%cf%82-%ce%bc\/\"><b>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf <\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u038c\u03c7\u03b9. \u039f \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 70-75% \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><b>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5: \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039c\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0391\u03be\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf, \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2; \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac. \u0395\u03b4\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.   \u0398\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5,...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":5681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - 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